Imperialism's Bitter Fruit

1. What made the Filipino insurrection "far different than any conflict in which Americans had previously fought"?

During the war in the Philippines American soldiers encountered battles unlike any they had known before. For the first time they had to fight a guerrilla movement which could act swiftly rather than a slower moving traditional army. In addition, the traditional rules of war that had been followed regarding treatment of prisoners and civilians were almost completely ignored. Both the Filipinos and the Americans tortured and killed prisoners and committed other atrocities. As the Filipino insurgents could easily blend into the civilian population, the U.S punished civilians after an attack by Filipino guerrillas. U.S troops also had orders to kill males above the age of ten who did not surrender.      

2. Why were African-Americans among the strongest critics of the war against the Filipino nationalists?

Black soldiers were disturbed by the racist attitudes which prevailed in the military about the Filipinos. The white military referred to the Filipinos as "niggers." In addition, black soldiers themselves found the same discrimination in the Philippines that they encountered in the U.S. They were prohibited from restaurants, barber shops, and many other locations marked as "white only." The Filipinos encouraged African-Americans to desert and join the Filipinos in their fight for independence.


3. Why did the United States lose its appetite for imperialism in the early 1900s ?

In the early 1900s Americans lost their appetite for imperialism mainly due to the difficulties of occupation. In the Philippines and at home there was continued opposition and anti imperialist sentiment. Critics of imperialism such as Mark Twain effectively expressed their opposition in the press. The occupation also brought many legal questions to the fore front which required the Supreme Court to address. In just three years the Supreme Court was required to make fourteen separate decisions regarding the Philippines. The American public became less interested in what was happening so far away form the United States.


4. How did the United States contribute to the development of Cuba and Puerto Rico ?

In Cuba and Puerto Rico, the U.S was primarily concerned with guarding American business and security interests. However, the Americans also brought technology and their business and administrative skills which enabled rapid development. New roads, telegraph lines, and schools were constructed. Sanitation was developed and improved. Medical advances including defeating yellow fever, were made and the finical health of the country was improved.


5. Why did many Cubans come to resent the U.S. presence on their island ?

After their long nationalist fight with Spain, Cuba felt great resentment toward U.S rule. The Platt amendment in 1901, fueled more resentment. The plan gave the U.S the power to oversee the Cuban economy, power over Cuban foreign policy  and allowed the U.S to take steps to protect life, property and liberty. The U.S also was permitted to build a naval base at Guantanamo bay. Cubans now had few opportunities in an economy controlled by Americans and some Spanish. They also were unhappy with Cuban plantation owners who formed alliances with foreign businesses.    
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? why or why not ?


I believe the United States was imperialist during this time period. I believe this because the U.S annexed Hawaii and acquired Cuba, The Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. It did so in order to increase its political, economic and military power.

The Spanish-American War

1. How was the United States connected to Cuba in the 1890s?

      Cuba had been a country of interest for Americans for many years prior to the 1890s. Because it was only 90 miles from the tip of Florida, many Americans believed it to be a natural extension of the US. During the 1890s it became a profitable source of trade for American businessmen. After the Cuban revolt against Spain ended the Americans poured investments over $50 million into Cuba and became the biggest purchaser of Cuban sugar.  The US removed tariffs making sugar cheap for Americans to buy. Both the US and the Cuban economies benefited and  the trade increased to $100 million. The depression of 1893, however, had a negative effect on both economies.  


2. What were the main reasons the United States intervened in Cuba? (i.e. went to war) Which reason do you believe was most important? Explain your answer.
 

     There were many causes which together led to the US intervention in Cuba.  Among them were: the role of the press in inflaming public opinion by reporting both facts and fiction regarding the war in order to sell newspapers; religious magazines and politicians with strong religious convictions who believed it was America’s duty to help those suffering abroad; sympathy for the Cuban war effort from the US black community because of the large black Cuban population; merchants who were alarmed that their trade had been reduced or stopped because of the conflict; and a letter from the Spanish ambassador which was published and in which he  sharply criticized the President, leading Americans to believe that their country had been insulted. However the most important was the attack on the U.S.S. Maine, a US warship making a courtesy call to Havana harbor. 260 US sailors were killed in an explosion which destroyed the battleship and the cry “Remember the Maine-to hell with Spain” became popular across the country, although there was no certainty that the Spanish government was responsible.  Because of this tragedy, McKinley came under increased pressure to enter the war from both the general public who were outraged by the “Maine” and businessmen who felt  a war victory  would create increased economic strength and stability for the US. If the US was victorious, it would control strategic ports enabling it to increase valuable trade with Asia.



3. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
 

     Blacks faced continuing discrimination at home.  Military service was one of the few accepted ways that a black person in the US could advance, although even that was limited with blacks not permitted to become officers. Nonetheless, many blacks considered the war as an opportunity to raise the status of blacks in the US. They hoped that if they fought that they would gain an increased level of respect and that the levels of discrimination might be reduced.

4. How did racial attitudes at the turn of the century shape American peceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines?

     

     The racial stereotypes of the day were applied not only to  African Americans in the US but also to the blacks and Asians who lived in Cuba, Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippines. American leaders did not believe that these people could help with progress and did not think that they were capable of developing stable democracies.

5. Why did Emilio Aguinaldo feel that the United States supported his campaign for Filipino independence?

  

     Aguinaldo believed that the US supported his campaign for Filipino independence based on the help that he had received from the Commander of the Pacific Fleet, Commodore George Dewey. Dewey supplied them with rifles, ammunition and cannons. But Dewey did this not because he supported Filipino independence but because he viewed Aguinaldo’s troops as allies in the war against Spain. Although he was later criticized for his actions, Dewey remembered the help that the freed black slaves had given to the Union in defeating the Confederacy and realized that Aguinaldo’s troops could offer the same type of help to his campaign against Spain.

6. Why do you think the Spanish-American War was called "a splendid little war" by an American diplomat at the time? Do you think we could have a "splendid little war" today? Explain your answer.

     I believe that the Spanish – American War was referred to as “a splendid little war” because  it was extremely short in time and resulted in an overwhelming American victory. The American success restored a great deal of pride  in the US both in the country and the military.  The number of casualties was also relatively few and many people also believed that the US was now taking its rightful position as a world power.  No, I don’t believe that we could have the same type of war today.  Things are much more complicated in the world today and there are many more countries with military power or the ability to make things more complicated and difficult.  Whether it is  WW1, WW2, Vietnam, Afghanistan or Iraq,  wars since then have not been brief or without massive amounts of casualties.  With the exception of the World Wars, perhaps, the wars have not been considered something to be proud about and certainly none have been thought to be “splendid”.

Origins of America's Global Power

1. Identify five important changes that transformed America in the nineteenth century. 


A. Immigration: population growth recast the face of America in the late nineteenth century. More than 45 percent of the American population was immigrants.


B. Urban growth: the increase in immigration spurred urban growth. By the end of the nineteenth century, one-third of Americans were city dwellers.  


C. Manufacturing: by the end of the nineteenth century, manufacturing had overtaken agriculture as the leading source of national wealth.


D. New inventions and machines: New inventions and discoveries in electricity, chemicals, and oil made possible other industries. Machines made rapid inroads in the countryside, as farmers  relied on railroads to receive supplies and ship their crops to market.


E. Trade: the new immigrants helped to manufacture the goods that other countries valued. Towards the end of the century, international trade steadily gained significance in the U.S economy.


2. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression? 

The 1893 depression deepened an economic divide among the American people creating and highlighting the division of wealth and prosperity between bankers and business owners in the cities and blue collar laborers working in the fields and mines of rural America. There is no doubt that the working men and women who labored in the fields and the mines suffered greatly and were the most affected by the 1893 depression. Farmers were going into more and more debt. Crop prices were falling because of oversupply, manufactured goods were expensive, and the railroads charged high prices to move agriculture to market. Laborers struggled with low wages, poor working conditions, and long hours. On the other hand, wealthy business men who owned the factories that produced the expensive goods or the railroads which charged high prices to transport the farmers good had seen large profits prior to 1893.  The tremendous wealth of bank and factory owners in the big cities contrasted sharply with the poverty of the laborers in the country side.  


3. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America's national character? 

      White Americans viewed themselves as part of a dynamic opportunity filled society. Their concept of the Western frontier was closely related to the values with which they defined America, resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patriotism. Many white Americans looked to the future of a closed frontier with concern. The identity that they attached to the frontier seemed to be in jeopardy. They worried that the nation’s prosperity could not be sustained without an abundance of land and unused resources.   

4. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas? 

     Many political elites felt the time was perfect for greater involvement overseas. The U.S had territorial control from East to West. Native Americans had been conquered and the issue of slavery had been resolved. In some ways the U.S was as powerful as European nations. The fear that the American character was changing and the belief in American power combined to convince people that a more aggressive approach with other nations would be the best way to ensure the economic success of the U.S. Business men and politicians believed that oversea expansion would create economic growth. They saw tens of millions of Chinese consumers who could buy American products. They also worried that Japan and European countries were making deals with China and imposing their regulations on China’s trade. The U.S feared that it had to act quickly to compete with these other powers.


5. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? 

Imperialists used social Darwinism and scientific racism to justify their beliefs. Scientific racism and social Darwinism offered the view that the United States and a small number of European nations were superior and more suited to be in a position of power than other countries. Because social Darwinists saw the differences among the world’s racial and ethnic groups in terms of evolution, they believed in survival of the fittest. They saw imperialism reflecting that belief. Scientific racism which was based on faulty research and historical analysis, believed that mental abilities and personality traits were racial characteristics. Whites were believed to be superior along with the northern Europeans, the English, and the Germans while blacks were believed to be the most inferior. These two pseudo-scientific theories bolstered the foundation beliefs of imperialism that America was destined to rule in the world.   


6. Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and several Latin American nations.

     America became involved in all of these countries in order to protect or expand its own interest in civilization and export markets. In Samoa, the U.S agreed to a treaty, which gave the U.S access to Samoa’s harbor. In return, the Americans promised to help Samoa if any other nation tried to interfere. The United States ended up in a conflict with Germany, Britain, and various Samoan groups for eight years. However, in 1898, part of Samoa became an American territory. This made the expansionists happy because American interests now had a secure refueling point on their way to trade in Australia. The United States annexed Hawaii and made it a colony in 1898 because of the fear that Hawaii’s Japanese immigrant population would gain two much power and would demand rights. America feared also that it might not be able to make use of the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor. In Nicaragua, the U.S negotiated and sent marines trying to ensure that a canal building company could continue to do business there. (The canal was eventually build in Panama)